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One of the most intriguing expressions of human behavior is the leader-follower phenomenon. Dr. Linda Henman helps CEOs and Boards of Directors set strategies, mergers and acquisitions, plan succession, and develop talent. Leadership style, more than leadership traits, determines leader effectiveness. CMB NM The organizational members’ perception of power is significant to this discussion because the members determine the variables that will influence their unique group. WJCMP Usually, groups take longer than individuals to reach a decision, but often the morale payoff is worth the additional time. There is not even consensus about universal traits that cause leaders to be effective. (Summer, 1982). OJMM OJOTS OJINM OJMetal /SM 0.02 GEP An Academic Publisher. /CapHeight 656 AIT Personality theories aside, some of the confusion and disagreement concerning this topic can be traced to a failure to distinguish between “the leader” and “leadership.” As early as 1921 E.L. Munson defined leadership as “the ability to handle men so as to achieve the most with the least friction and cooperation.” L.A. Allen’s 1958 definition of a leader does not depart radically from this definition; rather Allen’s perspective offers the idea that a leader is “one who guides and directs other people.” If nothing else, “twentieth century social science research has established that leadership is a function of group process, rather than a series of traits residing in a particular individual. The basis of these theories is that individuals’ characteristics make them suitable leaders only in certain situations. About behaviorism, New York: Knopf. This early theorist attempted to explain leadership on the basis of inheritance (Stogdill, 1974). New York The Free Press. Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. The situational theorists would tackle the question of appropriate leadership style twenty years after the initial studies by Lewin, Lippitt, and White. These theorists dispelled the notion that task and relationship are either/or styles of leadership. Laissez-faire leaders exert little or no influence on the group.
He directly challenges the notion that leaders are born, not made; however, another question is, can leadership be taught only to those who already possess the innate ability to lead? The definitions of a trait differ, but Gordon Allport, one of the trait psychologists, defines a trait as “a generalized and focalized neuropsychic system (peculiar to the individual) with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent and to initiate and guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and expressive behavior” (Allport, 1937, p. 295). /OP false JMMCE OJST %���� They do so because they recognize that imagination, ingenuity, and creativity are widely distributed throughout the organization.
It could be said that leaders inspire others to greater effort, and managers provide the necessary resources for that greater effort. IJAA Using intangible reward power is one way individuals share the leadership role; failing to use it is one way to miss a valuable opportunity to build group cohesion. JHRSS They reduced these organization universals to two leadership concerns: a concern for production and a concern for people. Expert power exists when group members consider a person to be qualified in a specific area. /GS1 5 0 R For example, a 9-1 manager, or production pusher, might have concluded that task, above all else, is what should be the manager’s primary concern. Journal of Psychology, 25, 35-71. JCPT
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